14.4 Income Inequality: Measurement and Causes.

Introduction to Poverty and Economic Inequality.

13.2 How Governments Can Encourage Innovation.

13.1 Why the Private Sector Under Invests in Innovation.

Introduction to Positive Externalities and Public Goods.

12.6 The Tradeoff between Economic Output and Environmental Protection.

12.5 International Environmental Issues.

12.3 Market-Oriented Environmental Tools.

Introduction to Environmental Protection and Negative Externalities.

Environmental Protection and Negative Externalities

11.2 Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior.

Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy.

Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly.

9.2 How a Profit-Maximizing Monopoly Chooses Output and Price.

9.1 How Monopolies Form: Barriers to Entry.

8.4 Efficiency in Perfectly Competitive Markets.

8.3 Entry and Exit Decisions in the Long Run.

8.2 How Perfectly Competitive Firms Make Output Decisions.8.1 Perfect Competition and Why It Matters.

7.3 The Structure of Costs in the Long Run.7.2 The Structure of Costs in the Short Run.7.1 Explicit and Implicit Costs, and Accounting and Economic Profit.Introduction to Cost and Industry Structure.6.4 Intertemporal Choices in Financial Capital Markets.6.2 How Changes in Income and Prices Affect Consumption Choices.5.4 Elasticity in Areas Other Than Price.5.2 Polar Cases of Elasticity and Constant Elasticity.5.1 Price Elasticity of Demand and Price Elasticity of Supply.4.3 The Market System as an Efficient Mechanism for Information.4.2 Demand and Supply in Financial Markets.4.1 Demand and Supply at Work in Labor Markets.Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets.3.3 Changes in Equilibrium Price and Quantity: The Four-Step Process.3.2 Shifts in Demand and Supply for Goods and Services.3.1 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium in Markets for Goods and Services.2.3 Confronting Objections to the Economic Approach.2.2 The Production Possibilities Frontier and Social Choices.2.1 How Individuals Make Choices Based on Their Budget Constraint.Introduction to Choice in a World of Scarcity.1.4 How Economies Can Be Organized: An Overview of Economic Systems.1.3 How Economists Use Theories and Models to Understand Economic Issues.1.1 What Is Economics, and Why Is It Important?.“Download for free at If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format page view (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following attribution: If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: OpenStax Economics, Principles of Economics.

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